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1. Who was Raavan and Preamble to Raavan's Birth
2. Birth of Raavan and The Three Brothers Get Var
3. Raavan's Victory Over Tri-Lok-1
4. Raavan's Victory Over Tri-Lok-2
5. Raavan's Victory Over Tri-Lok-3
6. Shaap to Raavan
7. Raavan and Raam
8. Other Stories of Raavan
9. Raavan's Discourse to Lakshman

Lineage of Raavan
Vaayu and Som or Chandra. Pulastya -> Vishravaa -> Kuber Vidyu, and races,

On the other side, the founders of two great dynasties Yaksh had two sons Heti and Praheti
Heti had a son Vidyutkesan by Payayai, sister of Kalan ;
Vidyutkesan married Sala Kadan kadai and they begot Sukesh.

Sukesh married to Devavatee and begot three sons from her - Maalyavaan, Sumaalee, and Maalee.
Maalyavaan married Sundaree and had many children from her, of whom Kalan, Durrnukan, Virupaaksh etc were well-known.
Sumaalee's children by Ketumatee alias Vanasa-Vilochan were a host of sons and daughters, of whom Prahatthan, Dandakan, Dhoomraaksh, Kaikasee, Pushpothkadai and Kumbheenasee were well-known.
Maalee married Vasudhaa, and their children were Nilan, Analan, Haran, Sambapati, and others.

Yaksh
The three Raakshas, Maalyavaan, Sumaalee and Maalee, oppressed the Aaryan ascetics (Gods) who then resorted to Mahaadev for his aid to save them from their oppression. Now Mahaadev brought up Sukesh, the father of the three Raakshas brothers, so he advised the ascetics to pray to Vishnu. Vishnu promised them to slay their enemies. A battle ensued between Vishnu and the Raakshas and the Raakshas were defeated and Maalee was slain. Maalyavaan again started the fight but in vain. Then the vanquished Raakshas went to live in Paataal Lok or the nether regions and awaited an opportunity for regaining their state and power. It came in the days of Raavan, the grandson of Sumaalee by his daughter Kaikasee.

Thus Raavan was the grandson of Pulastya Rishi (son of Vishravaa) on the paternal side and a grandson of Sumaalee. on the maternal side and that there was a mingling of the Yaksh and Raakshas blood in his veins. In Book V Canto 25 the Demons describe Raavan to Seetaa that Raavan is of noble descent.

Heti, Praheti. -- Vidyutkesan -- Sukesh married to Devavatee -- Maalyavaan Sumaalee Maalee -- Sumaalee's Daughter - Kaikasee ,
wife of Vishravaa and he, Pulastya's son, was so strong and great, thus Pulastya have told sages.

Raakshas were well versed in the Ved and their Ang and in Vaidik rituals and also to their morning prayers. So Raavan was also not only skilled in arms science as he became the Lord of Lankaa but richly endowed with holy love. So said he to Maya Daanav, his would-be father-in-law, when Maya, pleased with his form and beauty, asked him who he was, and to what family he belonged to, with a view to choose him as his daughter's husband. Raavan knew Rig Ved and Saam Ved by heart and sang them beautifully on occasions in a touching, pathetic or melting manner. Dashamukh or Raavan was a great worshipper of Shiv who taught him the 5 Letters.
Though a Titan of Titans, he never relied on himself as the Lord of Hosts, but on the efficacy of the boons offered to him. It is said that, before he aimed his dart or used his missile, he worshipped Eesh in his usual manner and performed Poojaa.

By his austerities and penances' for years he obtained boons from Shiv, as longevity and a broad bright sword which gave him victory. An instance of the severity of his penance may be cited here. When Raavan promised his mother to equal his brother Kuber in splendor; he went to the hermitage of Gokarn or "the Cow-Eared" in the Kerala country in company with his brothers and performed austerity. After a long penance he plucked his heads one after another, so goes the legend, and threw them into the fire. When he was about to do it the tenth time, Brahmaa Jee appeared and offered him three great boons, indestructibility by all creatures above or more powerful than man, recovery of his lost heads, and power to assume any shape he pleased, like Milton's spirits or fallen angels.

He was so learned that he seldom acted without consulting wisdom. II, 3. He knew the- arts of peace and w&r. He was proficient in music, vocal and instrumental. The six-stringed Veenaa was his forte. With it, made of his own nerves, he pleased God Shiv and won his Mercy and Grace, It means that the grant of the sword (weapon), which was so sharp and keen that it could not bear filing, was made by Shiv with his own hands on hearing his sweet strains or Kamara. He was so expert a musician that he had a Veenaa inscribed on his flag. The only person who is alleged to have excelled him in music (and magic) was the Sage Agastya A musical treatise by Raavana, entitled "Raavaneeyam" or the great Charmer is celebrated even today, and another, callecction "Raavan-bet" or "Raavan-patthiam" was compiled in later times.

Raavan's Marriage and His Children
Raavan, Kumbhkarn, Shoorpanakhaa, and Vibheeshan were the four children of Vishravaa(su) by Kaikasi, daughter of Sumaalee, a Raakshas King. The eldest was Raavan, (so-named from the cry-rava-uttered by him in his Kailaash exploit) the mighty monarch of Lankaa, and a great conqueror of worlds. He was tall as a mountain peak, his eyes were copper-colored, and his teeth were bright like the Moon. His body bore the impress of wounds inflicted by all the divine arms in his warfare with the gods (Supermen). It was scarred by the thunderbolt of Indra, by the tusks of Indra's elephant, Airaavat, arid by the discus of Vishnu. As the lord of the utmost Indian isle, or Lankaa before its separation, he was known as Thennavan.

Raavan's Family
One day when Raavan went for hunting, he came across a maiden, buxom, fair and debonair. She was the princess Mandodaree, the daughter of Mayan, who was the ruler of Maya the Architect of wonderful skill, Maayaavee and the chief artificer in place .Was he of all the Danav race. He for a thousand years endured the ernest penance, and secured from Brahmaa all boons the best. the knowledge Usanaa possessed, Lord, by that boon, of all his will he fashioned all with perfect skill.

The beauty of her youthful face beamed a soft glory through the place, and Raavan fell in love with her. She became his favorite queen - Raavan's first favor. They lived happily as Indra and Shachee, and their son was Meghanaad or the "Roaring Cloud", who was afterwards called Indrajeet for his victory over the sovereign of the skies.

In Kamban's Ramayana, or rather in Otta-Koothan's Uttar Kaand, the father of this bewitching queen who was pleased with the handsomeness and juvenescence of Raavan asked the young man who he was, and what his ancestry, before he could make them man and wife. Lest he should be thought rude and uncivilized, he said that it was very hard to find suitable matches for the reason that the kith and kin of the spouses held different views on the choice of husbands. The members of the family of the bride desire that the bridegroom should be equal in birth
and status to the bride ; the father of the bride cares for intellectual breadth and moral height in the young man ; her mother hankers after . riches and broad acres ; and the bride herself wishes that her sweetheart should be young and handsome. The possession in full of all the qualifications handsomeness, youth-hood, high culture, virtue and vast wealth by any single individual is very rare.

He had great warriors. Atikaaya and Akshan were two of them. Atikaaya, tall of stature, wielded his arms powerfully, and Akshan, the youthful, brandished his bow. till they fell in battle. The names of three more sons are mentioned in the epic : Naraantak, Devaantak, and Trishiraa (probably the ruler of the regions about Trichinopally or Thiri-sira-palli).

His brother was the huge Kumbhkarn, who vied in mighf with Indra, the ruler of the skies. Neither Indra nor Varun equaled him in his strength. He was the strongest of the Raksha warriors and stoutest, hearted midst the brave, he was stalwart, stout and tall like a mountain's beetling turret. The legend about him runs as follows : When Brahmaa was about to offer him a boon in appreciation of his penance, the gods interposed and begged that, under the guise of a boon, stupefaction might be inflicted on him. Brahmaa thought of Saraswatee, who appeared, and, who, by his command, entered into Kumbhkarn's mouth that she might speak for him. Under her influence the Titan desired sleep for months together and became a veritable Rip Von Winkle. When he recovered his consciousness, he perceived the trick but could not help it.

He used to eat a lot and quaffed plenty and sank in slumbers for six months at a stretch, with an interval of a single waking day every year - "He slumbering, free from pare and pain, by Brahma's curse, for months has lain. Strong Kumbhkarn slumbering deep in. chains of never ending sleep. He had to be roused from his drowsiness with war-drums thundering on all sides. His wife was Vachra swalai, who begot Kumbani, and Kumban.

The youngest, of the male trio was Vibheeshan, the reputed wise man. The Saatwik nature is said to have reigned supreme in him. It is said that Truth and Virtue took precedence in his heart, and he counseled his brother and monarch against unrighteousness. Indrajeet called him "Traitor to thy king and kinsman", false to usjn direst need. He took to wife, Sarabai, daughter of Kai Dushanan, the Gandharv chieftain. Brahmaa offered him immortality in addition to virtue. Vibheeshan is praised as possessing the duteous mind, In needs unlike his giant kind. There is reason to surmise from the paucity of the mention of any heirs of his to the throne of Lankaa upon which the righteous Raksha was installed by Raam that he was childless. He is dubbed or canonized as an Alwar by the Raam - devotees or Vaishnavites. "The greatest of traitors, whom every Dravidian that has in him a spark of patriotism ought to execrate has been raised to the status and dignity of an
Alwar.

Their only sister was Shoorpanakhaa, with nails like winnowing fans. Fierce Shoorpanakhaa of yore, The ten-necked tyrant's mother bore. The Raksha-maiden, described as poor in beauty and plain in face, was given in marriage to Vitthuru-singan or Vith-yucchavan or Kaal-Keyan. She called herself Kaamavallee. Her son was Sampu Kumaaran, who was born after his father's death. In a conflict with the brother Rakshas, Kaal-Keyan, Raavan killed his brother-in-law unaware. In her widowed state Shoorpanakhaa was given for her maintenance the vast empire of Jana-Sthaan and the Dandak forest and was made Vicerene of it. She was helped by the statesmen and warriors' Khar and Dooshan. She is depicted in the Epic as an ugly giantess. She fell in love with Raam in the forest and would have him as Lord and husband, and said that Seetaa was pale and mis-shapen, and was scarcely a warrior's worthy wife and prayed to him to consecrate his gallant life to herself, a nobler, lordlier female, so that they together might range the woodlands and prove the joys of dalliance. In response to her passion, the chivalrous young warrior Lakshman 'cleft her nose and both ears when she came alone, leaving on the way Khar and the doughty Dooshan, by Raam's Jove emboldened.

Here follows a dark picture of her by the poet, Vaalmeeki. her graciously She h,f ' cved the dreadful Raavan  f ,t me ' the moth of Shoorpanakhaa tafarfd O ff h ^ \T K ba b rna, who was the ,' J ^ ^teous Voishanav, P m the forest K",^? children grew
Besting Rishi St A ?r Kakarna sent ab Kuber went to pay his, Subsec * uent ^ when splendor

Raavan's Victory over Tri-Lok

Raavan Wins Kuber, Yam, Varun, Kings etc
Whereupon Raavan repaired to Gokarn and practiced austerities at very great self-sacrifice. Having obtained boons, Raavan deputed Prahast as envoy and he himself marched to Lankaa with a large army. At the sight of his brother and his formidable forces, Kuber consulted his father, who advised him to give up the city and the state to Raavan. It was done accordingly. The next great adventure of Raavan was
for the capture of Pushpak Vimaan or the Flowery Car, which was owned by Kuber. It took place in the following circumstances. When the Rishi toho were took upon as political spies occupied the Aranya (forest), which was the part and parcel of the dominion of Raavan, and performed animal sacrifices in the name of God which were abhorrent to the Raakshas and professed wondrous powers, the Raakshas, in duty bound to guard it, .oppressed them. Kuber, at one with them, dispatched a message to Raavan, his step-brother, to stop such oppressions as it savored more of command than request and was prejudicial to his interest, he resented it and led a large force against Kuber. In the battle that ensued, Mariipatra, the 'field-marshal of Kuber. was slain, and Kuber was not only defeated or overthrown but was deprived of his aerial car.

Another exploit of noteworthy was his invasion of the kingdom of departed spirits and his terrific battle with King Yam, the Just, whom
he defeated. It was followed by his reduction of Bhogavatee Nagaree ruled by Vaasuki Naag and by the subjugation of the Naag. Raavan then attacked the imperial seat of Varun in his absence and triumphed over his sons who did battle with the invader.

His two invasions of Ayodhyaa, once to subdue Anaranya, and the next time to check the pride of Maandhaataa, in which the former was vanquished and the latter entered into a treaty with Raavan, at the entreaty of Gaalav and Pulastya, are noteworthy.

Passing by his victories over Gaadhi (Vishwaamitra's father), Marutt in the hall of sacrifice, Mayan, Dhuth-chandan and others and looking over his discomfitures in the conflicts with Baali, Kaartveery Arjun and Nivaat-Kavavh and his peace-makings with them at the instance of great men, we come to his remarkable feat of trying to uproot Kailaash for having blocked the passage of his marvelous aerial car. The legendary account is that Umaa trembled at the mountain being shaken to its foundations and embraced her Lord for safety, who pressed his foot on the mountain's crest, and thereby crushed the head and limbs of Raavan. Immediately the hero chanted Samarn and tuned his Veenaa,
which delighted the Lord so much that he pardoned his affront and blessed him with long life and with the gift of an invincible and ever-triumphant sword.

Raavan Abducts Seetaa
His last great exploit which proved fatal to him .and to his race was the abduction of Seetaa. The immediate cause of it was the barbarous mutilation of Shoorpanakhaa, Raavan's sister, by Lakshman. .The other causes were the unauthorized occupation of the Dandak forest by Rishi, their inhuman and unseemly sacrifices tending to prejudice the prevalent modes of faith and ritual in the land, and, above all, their endeavor to make the forest their own by seeking the aid of sovereigns who had no earth-hunger at all.

Though the prime mover and teterrina cause belli was the sister of Raavan, the abduction was made in due accordance with the rules of the Tamilian modes of warfare. It is ridiculous on the part of the Aaryan Chronicler to attempt to whitewash the acquiescence of Raam or the heinous action of Raam's brother's exile by saying that the Vicerene threatened to eat Seetaa, as if he were a cannibal. Who would believe the statement that, passion-ridden, she went to Raam, unaccompanied or alone, without a previous clandestine love with the prince of Ayodhyaa.

It is very likely that Seetaa was shrewd enough to discover or detect the secret love and that Raam professed innocence to satisfy his wife and stand in her good graces. Whatever the cause, the carrying away of any object near and dear to the enemy with a view to give Siim an occasion for showing his valor and redeeming it was the practice in vogue in the Tamil country. So Raavan's procedure was suite in consonance with it. The wily Aaryan Prince, dragged into the conflict by the Braises and prayers of the ambitious Rishi in the first instance, sought the aid of the exiles, he wife-lorn Sugreev, and his warrior-in-chief Hanumaan, described in the epic as Beings endowed in contempt with caudalippendages, to make a quest of the ravished 3ifcu Would a love-sick Titan place Seetaa in the Ashok grove under the guardianship of women who were his kith and kin, and beg of her to requite his love and marry him?

It seems extremely improbable that such was the case. Did Raam directly pursue Raavan to recover Seetaa? He indulged in meanings and mourning unworthy of a master archer. But for the Dravidian Hanumaan who played the incendiary and the medicine man and for the treacherous Vibheeshan who ran away from his brother, informed Raam of the vulnerable points of his foe and of the city of Lankaa, victory and wife-recovery would have been out of the question. The Aaryan mode of conquest was and is "Divide and Conquer". Raavan fought as a warrior and fell, and so did his brother Kumbhkarn, and his son Indrajeet. All honor to them. Raavan never can yield or bend, and be it vice or virtue,

In the exploits of Raavan have been included some of his love escapades. for sinful acts committed by him. The Raakshas had the privilege of taking many wives and of maintaining a harem. In these circumstances rapes and ravishments would be unnecessary and uncalled for. In all countries poor women often throw themselves in the way of Kings for favor of acceptance and many are caught, like moths, by the glare of royal pomp and circumstance. Vedvatee. the young and beautiful but poor daughter of Rishi Kushdhwaj, had been dedicated by her father to Vishnu or Naaraayan. Raavan is alleged to have touched the hair of her head with the tip of his finger, she cut her hair with her hands and entered the blazing fire. Rambhaa, wife of Nal-koobar, was forced by Raavan, and her husband cursed him that his head should split should he take any woman by force. Enamored of Lakshmee, in Paataal, he went thither, but was driven away. Similarly, the wife of f&mban was approached by the Lord 'of Lanka, who, captured by her husband, was released at the intercession of his queen Mandodaree, who had the grace of Shiv.

Government of Lankaa
The island of Lankaa was primarily Raavan's Kingdom. It is said that Agastya forbade Raavan by the marvelous power of his music and magic from acquiring any spot in the surviving Tamil Naadu. His son, Tirishiraa, owned territory on the banks of the Kaaveree, Janasthanam and the Dandak forest were under his absolute control. He was their overlord. His sister Shoorpanakhaa in her widowed state was their Viceroy assisted by Khar, her prime minister, to carry out her behests, and Dooshan to geaar her and her vast empire with a force of 14,000 choicest
warriors.

The government of Lankaa was in his own hands. He had an advisory body or council, composed, of the ablest and most experienced statesmen and warriors, and consulted it in times of need. He had ministers, ambassadors, and spies who were true and loyal to him. Though he gave his
ear to them, he always acted on his own decision and was every inch a King. He was ubiquitous, and his influence was felt everywhere, far and near.

Primogeniture governed the succession he throne. Eldest son of 'the eldest brother such the maxim we own, Worthy of his father's kingdom, doth ascend his father's throne.

This ancient custom was ruthlessly broken by the Aryans who followed the principles of expediency and compromise. The installation of Raavan surviving brother in preference to his sons who were yet in the land of the living illustrates the statement. Sugreev was placed on the throne of Kishkindhaa rather than Angad, the son of Baali. This is another notable instance of the violation by the Aaryans of the law of succession which bound the Raakshas.

Besides the island and Janasthaan, Raavan held suzerainty over ten or more isles, which contributed thousands of faithful and loyal fighters to him in times of war (Yuddh Kaand. The whole military strength of Lankaa's Lord was a thousand Vellara, Vellam being a myriad or a very
large number. Raavan was the head of the civil, judicial, military and spiritual administration of his vast and extensive realm, Harmony prevailed all over and no hitch anywhere.

The Raakshas government of Lankaa had a short interregnum of Yaksh rule when Kuber bore sway during the minority of Raavan. How long and when Raavan reigned is not known; everything is pre-historical. Raavan, was the contemporary of Raam. Subsequent to the fall of the Raakshas? the island seems to have been occupied and ruled by the much civilized and heroic Naag, whose kings were known as Naag-royar and who had held dominion all over India up to the Himaalaya- The toxvns, Naagaapattinam, Nagapurani, Naagarkoil etc testify to that
fact.

WAR IN LANKA

War has been described by the poet as the last argument of noble kings. The causes of the war in Ceylon have already been adverted to. The 'missionary, merchant, monarch' has been wittily said to form the
different stages in tjie conquest of a country.
The missionary -goes to preach his religion,
and, under the garb of his holy or sacred func-
tion, puts on record the state of the land in its
political, economic and social aspects, whither
he has made his way. The merchant follows
him and carries bn trade with it. The pro-
duce and wealth of the region are exploited
and. reported upon to the mother country,
For the ' sake of establishing religion and
draining the resources thereof, the flag, of the
nation to which he belongs is put up t last
War is declared on some pretext or other
and is- followed by conquest and annexation
In ancient India the different stages were
rishi, ritual and rupture. The rishis 61
anchorites built their asrams wherever the\
pleased and performed sacrifices and ob&er*
ved rituals or rites and ceremonies obnoxious



WAR IN LANKA 47

to their peaceful neighbours and provoked
th.em into rupture and called in the aid of
powerful monarchs to withstand oppression.
In short, they let loose the dogs of war. In
his Calcutta University Carniichael lectures
delivered in 1918, Mr. D. R. Bhandarkar
writes of the work of the rishis in these terms :
" The ancient Rishis were not mere inert
thinkers, but were active, though not aggres-
sive, propagators of their . faith ** (p. 17).
" Rishis took a most prominent but unobtru-
sive part in the Aryan colonisation and the
diffusion of Aryan culture " (p. 19.) " To the
south of the Vindhya, there were many
Brahmin anchorites who lived in hermitages
at different places and performed their sacri-
fices bcfore-SKama penetrated Dandakaranya

and commencedxhis career of conquest The

Rishis were always to the forefront in the
work of colonising Southern India and intro-
ducing Aryan civilisation. Among them
Agastya was theonly Rishi, who fought with the
Rakshas and killed them. The other rishis ?
like true missionaries, never resorted to the
practice of retaliation, though they believed
righth' or wrongly that they had the power of
ridding themselves of their enemy. One of
them distinctly said to.Rama : i It is true that,



'48 HAVANA THE .GREAT

by the power .of our austerities,  we could at will slay these goblins ; but we are unwilling to nullify (the merit of) our austerities. The Rishi Vishwaamitra implored Dasharath to send his son Raam with him southward to
ward off or extinguish the Raksha troubles.
Later, when Rama was exiled, he spent
months and years in the hermitages in the
Dandaka forest. In his wanderings in this
Aranya, he came across Surpanaka, the
widowed princess and Vicerene. She ap-
peared before Rama as a most lovely girl, her
glossy hair ornamented with flowers, with
gold bangles tinkling round her slender ankles
and wrists* In the conversation that ensued,
Rama addressed her thus : % * Beautiful maidy
I am grateful to you for your kindness ; but,
as you see, I am already married, and you
would be angry if you had to be the lesser
wife. But there is my brother Lakshmana ?
handsome and young. He is a suitable hus-
band for you/ When Surpanaka approached
him, he said " Lovely maid, you cannot want
a slave like me as your husband. I am' the
slave of my brother. He is handsome, strong,
and a great warrior; You must marry him,
and he will love you so much that he will

desert his pneseht wife/ She thought that Lakshman, was serious and returned to Raam. His tantalization and veiled mockery provoked her and he felt that it was ill-jesting with a woman in power. In her forlorn state it was natural for her to have cast glances or side-long looks of love at the Aaryan exiles. Their eyes met and spoke eloquently. The elder Kshatriya prince was evidently bewitched by the Lord Raakshas clause, and polygamy among the Kshatriya was nothing strange. A Kshatrya was entitled to marry three wives, and monogamy did not hang upon his neck like a nether mill-stone. The plea of conjugal fidelity by Raam sounds hollow under the circumstances. He probably dreaded Seetaa's
suspicion, discovery, or detection of the love-intrigue. To pass for a spotless husband in the eyes of His spouse, the banished hero would have none of Shoorpanakhaa; He told her to go to Lakshman, knowing fully well that the chivalrous young man would deal harshly by him. She suffered mutilation at his hands, and bewailed a lot, Raavan's blood boiled when he saw her bereft of her nose and ears, and the slaying
of Khar and Dooshan and his 14,000 picked Raakshas by Raam.

Raavan could bear no more the insult added to the injury. He carried away Seetaa in accordance with the war practice in vogue in the Tamil land and expected that her life partner would pursue and redeem her instead of pursuing the ravisher himself. He sought the alliance of Sugreev who was wifeless and in like circumstances. He deputed parties of his men in quest of Seetaa. The Dravidian hero, Hanumaan, with Sugreev, an exile, volunteered his service, bent upon smashing the heroic Baali by hook or by crook. He made a long tour in the South and crossed the sea and set the City of Lankaa on fire at night. Was it a knightly deed?

It was an act of the knights of the highways. After the fire-devastation of the city, on the advice of the brother of Raavan, a traitor, Vibheeshan, Hanumaan escaped from the island with his skin and teeth safe but did not bring Seetaa with him. After the city was in ruins, Raam had no great difficulty in rescuing hen She was in the Ashok grove, well-guarded and well-nursed. Rzam thought he could take an
easy walk over the intervening sea and have Seetaa back. War was proclaimed. Raavan held a council of war and sought its advice.

War in Lankaa
For the wisest monarchs act on counsel from his men for wisdom known, and the wisest counsel comes from courtiers who in holy lore unite.
So Raavan pressed his Council for an early reply lest the Vaanar host should invade the island. Prahast, the Prime Minister of Lankaa, said that his gallant Raakshas forces would stand by him in his need, and that Hanumaan stole like a craven spy and that the Lord of Lankaa had nothing to fear in the gory field of battle with the Vaanar. Next Durmukh also spoke in fury, and wound up his speech with the statement that his single arm would attack and drive the daring Vaanar back, without need of gathered forces. The third speaker was Vajra-danshtra. He suggested two schemes. One was that he would with his mace slay Sugreev and drive away the helpless hermit brothers, and the other that his gallant soldiers should disguise themselves as Bharats men and fall upon the enemy with mace and other bloody weapons until there was left no survivor. The brave Nikumbh, the son of Kumbhakarn, arose and cried in fury that he alone would take the field and see the foemen down, one and all. Vaira-hana, iron-jawed, advised the Mng in a


 

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