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Yug
One Chatur-yug is 4,320,000 "Ahargana" ie "Gan of
Aha(H)", which actually means the count or number of days.
The ancient people took the solar year to be
--360 days long (only for the Yug calculations) and
--4,320,000 days is equal to 12,000 years.
A Chatur-yug is thus 12,000 solar years.
See also Shaanti Parv (231.29-3) and Bhagvad Geetaa (8.17).
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Soorya Siddhaant (1/10) defines 2 types of time
- Nitya Kaal (eternal time) decays objects and is also called death.
- Janya Kaal (creative time) is time of Yagya cycle which measures time.
Time is perception of change. Perception part of Brahma is Shiv, so it is
also called Mahaa-kaal and in form of Yagya.
Change is of 3 types - (1) Irreversible change - what has been done cannot
be reversed. A man can become old, old can never become young. That is
called Thermodynamic arrow of time-a system always moves from order to
disorder. (2) Some changes are in cyclic order. All our cycles match
natural time-cycles - day-night, month, year. Its measure is Janya Kaal.
Measurable time is used in equations of physics. This is different for
observers in mechanics, but same in electromagnetic theory - where speed
of light is same for all observers. But we are using same concept in both
equations. This contradiction has not been resolved so far, so Kaal is
called most difficult in all calculations. (3) There is no change for a
system as a whole due to 5 types of conservation laws in classical and
quantum physics. That is called Akshaya Kaal. That is source (Mukh) and
upholder (Dhaataa) of world.
Kaal word has been used in Geetaa only at 3 places - they are as per 3
meanings indicated above-
कालोऽस्मि लोक
क्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो
। (गीता ११/३२)
कालः कलयतामहम् ।
(गीता १०/३०)
अहमेवाक्षयः कालो
धाताहं विश्वतोमुखः
(गीता १०/३३)
These 3 times are related to 3 types of Purush
Purush - Kshar, A-kshar, Avyaya
Kaal - Nitya, Janya, Akshaya
To indicate year Ved have used only "Samvatsar" whose short form is
"Samvat". This is further shortened to "San" in Persian.
Samvatsar has the following derivations and meanings-
(i) Collection of seasons - ‘Samvasanti ritavah yasmin’ = in which Ritu
(seasons) reside. This has two meanings. In the space of solar system
there are 6 zones of varying energy-Zone number location Ahargana No.
(radius of nth zone = earth radius x 2 n-3)
0 - Earth surface 3 (2 layers within earth as image of solar system, galaxy)
1 - 26 times earth 9 (sphere enclosing the Moon orbit)
2 - 212 times earth 15 (sphere extending up to 60% of Venus orbit)
3 - 218 times earth 21 (sphere around the Sun, radius of 1000 Sun diameter)
4 - 224 times earth 27 (Maitreya or Saavitree maṇḍala, 1 lakh Sun diameter)
5 - 230 times earth 33 (dyu or sky of solar system, 1 crore Sun diameter)
Energy (Praan) of these 33 Ahargana zones - 3 in earth and 30 outside -
are 33 Devtaa. In Indian scripts their signs are consonants from ‘k’ to
‘h’. The scripts are thus a Chiti (arrangement, city) of Devtaa in symbols
of letters - so it is called ‘Devanaagaree' = the Nagar (city) of Devtaa.
These 6 zones are called 6 ‘Vashatkaar’ - each are further divided into 6
Ahargan spacing. (Shatapath Braahman 1/7/2/21, 11/2/2/5) Here, Ahargan is
the count of zones of the Sun field.
On Earth it means the count of days used for calculation of planetary
positions from a fixed point of time. Outside Earth, zone of the Sun
extends up to 30 Dhaam (Rig Ved, 10/189/3; Saam Ved , 632, 1398; Atharv
Ved 6/31/3; and Yajur Ved 3/8).
Parallel to 6 Vashatkaar in space, there are 6 seasons on the Earth, each
extending to motion of the Sun in 2 signs (600).
(ii) Curved motion - Pandit Madhusudan Ojha in his Brahm Siddhaant (Nepal
Granth Maalaa, Banaras Hindu University, 1963) has derived it from root
verb ‘tsara’ = to move hidingly or in curve - (Paanini Dhaatupaath,
1/373). It has three meanings - Earth motion in its orbit is constantly
changing its direction, this is the cause of change of seasons. Change of
seasons in solar system or on Earth surface is continuous, our marking of
boundaries is arbitrary.
(iii) Followed by all - Sam+vat+sarati, i.e. all move according to it.
Thus all our activities accounts year, educational session, festivals etc.
are based on Samvatsar. In Jain tradition, anniversary is called Samavasara.
Shak word is used in astronomy books for calculation purpose. This word
is used in Ved also, but not in the meaning of year. This is formed of ‘Kush’
(straw) whose derivations are -
(i) Kush (Paanini, 9/50) = to extract, test or conclude
(ii) Kushor Kus (Paanini, 4/108) = to join, bind.
(iii) Ku (earth) + Shubh (Paanini, 6/33) = spread on earth or its beauty.
(iv) Krish (Paanini, 4/117) = to be thin or fine
Shak has 3 root verbs -
(i) Shak (Paini4/76) = to withstand, or to tolerate.
(ii) Shaklr (Paanini, 5/16) = to have power, or to be able
(iii) Shach (Paanini, 1/723) = to combine.
Thus a Kush (straw) is a thin line shaped object symbol of smallest and root number 1.
Counting of bigger numbers is by adding it, the cumulative count is called ‘Shak’.
Counting are marked in the following manner - IIII, IIII, IIII, IIII, II ……..
After 4 Kush are collected, they are tied with the 5th Kush, thus making
bundles of 5-5 Kush. By making the bundle, ‘Kush’ becomes stronger, and is
called Shak (powerful) .Thus total count of days (Ahargan) is called Shak,
and the year system starting from a point is also called ‘Shak’. So in
Mexico and Sumeria, historians have written that years were counted for
thousands of years by adding a straw for each year to the bundle. This is
only conceptual adding, otherwise straw will not last even for one year.
For over thousands years even the social organizations or government will
not survive to maintain this system.
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